Illuminate the underpinning mechanisms associated with the potential effect of new Egyptian L. plantarum strain on HCC using HepG2 cell line

Abstract Background Lactobacillus plantarum ( L. plantarum ) is widely acknowledged for its ability to inhibit the proliferation of various cancer cells, including those associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aimed to explore the anticancer effects of an extract from a newly isolated strain of L. plantarum on HCC using HepG2 cells. Its effects were also compared with normal Vero cells to assess selectivity. The investigation included a comparison of the impacts of bacterial cell pellets and their supernatant, with cisplatin serving as a reference chemotherapy drug. Results The findings revealed that the L. plantarum supernatant exhibited a notably lower IC50 value, indicating greater potency compared to both the bacterial cell pellets and cisplatin. Flow cytometry analysis showed that the supernatant caused cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and promoted apoptosis in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, the supernatant significantly altered the expression of key genes involved in HCC progression. It upregulated the tumor suppressor gene p53, enhancing apoptotic activity and potentially inhibiting tumor growth. Additionally, it reduced the expression of VEGFR2, a key factor in angiogenesis, and IL-17, which is associated with inflammation, highlighting its multifaceted anticancer potential. Conclusion This study underscores the potential of the newly isolated L. plantarum strain's supernatant in managing HCC by promoting tumor suppression, inhibiting angiogenesis, and reducing inflammatory responses. These promising results indicate its potential as a supplementary treatment option for HCC. Nevertheless, further research, particularly in vivo studies, is essential to confirm its therapeutic application and safety in clinical settings.