Foodborne Helminths in Imported Fish: Molecular Evidence from Fish Products in the Kazakhstan Market

The increasing reliance on imported fish products in Kazakhstan raises concerns about the presence of fish-borne parasitic infections, particularly zoonotic helminths that pose risks to public health. This study aimed to assess the diversity and prevalence of helminths in commercially imported marine fish using both traditional and molecular diagnostic methods. A total of 670 specimens representing 17 fish species were collected from retail markets in Astana, Almaty, and Karaganda. Macroscopic inspection and muscle compression techniques were used to detect larval parasites, followed by DNA extraction and PCR amplification targeting the <i>ITS</i>-2, 5.8S, 18S rRNA, and mitochondrial <i>COX</i> gene regions. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis confirmed the presence of cestodes (<i>Eubothrium crassum</i>, <i>Hepatoxylon trichiuri</i>, <i>Nybelinia surmenicola</i>), acanthocephalans (<i>Echinorhynchus gadi</i>), and nematodes, with a predominance of zoonotic species from the Anisakidae family, including <i>Anisakis simplex</i>, <i>A. pegreffii</i>, <i>Pseudoterranova decipiens</i>, and <i>Contracaecum osculatum</i>. The highest levels of infection were detected in Atka mackerel (97.1%), herring (96.0%), mackerel (92.0%), and blue whiting (88.1%), while the lowest rates were recorded in smelt (6.8%), flounder (10.2%), and haddock (16.0%). This is the first molecular-based survey of fish helminths in Kazakhstan and highlights the need to integrate genetic screening into food safety control systems to better protect consumers and improve parasite monitoring of imported seafood.