Spatial-economic analysis of greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural residue burning in Thailand’s rice, maize, and sugarcane cultivation areas

Abstract This study investigates the environmental and economic impacts of agricultural residue burning in Thailand, focusing on rice, maize, and sugarcane, which collectively occupy 96.8 million Rai annually and generate 114 million tons of residues. Open burning is a cost-effective but environmentally detrimental practice that contributes significantly to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This research aims to quantify the burned areas, estimate GHG emissions, and assess the Social Cost of Carbon (SCC) using Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques and MODIS satellite imagery combined with bottom-up approach emissions calculations. In addition, the cost of Carbon emissions was estimated using the average carbon credit price in Asia as a representative benchmark. The findings reveal annual GHG emissions of approximately 800,000 tCO ₂ e, primarily from rice (362,231 tons), maize (160,875 tons), and sugarcane (277,314 tons). The SCC is estimated at 146 million Baht, disproportionately affecting the Northern and Central Regions, which exhibit the highest prevalence of burning for rice sugarcane and maize, respectively. This spatial analysis highlights key hot-spots and provides critical insights to inform targeted policy interventions. Its findings emphasize the need for regionally tailored policies to mitigate the environmental and economic costs of open burning. Sustainable alternatives, such as composting are recommended, supported by targeted education, financial incentives, and policy measures. These strategies could substantially reduce emissions, improve air quality, and align Thailand’s agricultural sector with its climate and sustainability goals.