The 50+1 Policy and the Economic Impact of Fan Control: Comparing the Governance Models of Borussia Dortmund and Dalian Yingbo in China

In this study, research on the economies and governance effects of a "50+1" policy is conducted by looking at Borussia Dortmund in Germany and Dalian Yingbo FC in China. Considering stakeholder theory, consumer behavior, and brand loyalty, it looks at how different ownership models influence fan participation, financial success, and club culture. In Germany, the "50+1" rule makes sure fans have most votes, so they stay interested over time, get money from games, and feel they belong to something. Borussia Dortmund serves as an example of high attendance, low ticket prices, and active fan governance. Dalian Yingbo is opposite; it operates under a corporate lead. More Chinese football teams work like this; it's very dependent on the parent company. Meanwhile, this model enables fast infusion of resources and great publicity but has unstable, low-fan loyalty, and little transparency. The paper, through case studies, shows how the governance structure impacts fan behaviour, diversity of revenue, and brand resilience. Ending it off with some practical implications on Chinese football reform, a suggestion to use the hybrid model, which is a mix of corporate and participatory structures.