Clinical features of oral cavity lesions in patients with HIV infection

Objective: to study the clinical features of oral cavity lesions in patients with HIV infection, determine their role as early markers of disease progression, and develop recommendations for improving the diagnosis and treatment of dental manifestations of HIV infection. Materials and methods: a systematic analysis of scientific publications, official reports, and recommendations of international organizations (EUCALB, CDC, ECDC) from 2010 to 2025 was conducted. The sources of information included the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, as well as open-access resources of scientific publishers. Conclusions: lesions of the oral mucosa (OM) in patients with HIV infection are an important clinical marker of disease progression and may precede systemic manifestations. The most common are candidiasis, herpesvirus infections, ulcers, gingivitis, and periodontitis. Timely detection and treatment of dental problems contribute to the improvement of the patient’s general condition and reduce the risk of serious complications. Diagnosis includes clinical examination and laboratory tests, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and bacteriological studies. Early detection of OM lesions allows timely initiation of appropriate treatment. Treatment includes antiretroviral therapy (ART), which is the basis for controlling viral load and maintaining the patient’s immune status. The use of antifungal, antiviral, and antiseptic agents helps reduce symptoms and prevent complications. Dentists should be aware of the peculiarities of HIV infection, possible interactions between antiretroviral drugs and dental agents, as well as methods of prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections.