Association between dental anomalies and skeletal malocclusions in different facial patterns in a Saudi subpopulation

The presence of dental anomalies alongside malocclusion or disruption of facial symmetry can lead to issues with tooth alignment and performance. The aim of this study was to assess how common dental abnormalities in relation to malocclusion and facial patterns in residents of the Hail province in Saudi Arabia. A Cross section analytical Observational study design employed cephalometric radiographs and orthodontic records sourced from a private practice in Hail City, Saudi Arabia, as well as the College of Dentistry. Patients who were older than nine were included. A variety of developmental abnormalities were evaluated, and the cephalometric radiograph was utilised to determine the facial pattern and measure the ANB angle in order to categorize the type of malocclusion. Fisher’s exact tests were employed together with chi-square analysis to determine the association between the research variables. Nominal regression was used to assess associations between gender, dental anomalies, malocclusion types, and facial pattern. A significance threshold of 0.05 was chosen. A combined total of 541 individuals (233 males and 308 females) satisfied the eligibility requirements. A total of 367 individuals exhibited dental anomalies, accounting for 67.8%. Ectopic eruption was observed in 343 cases, making up 49.0% of tooth anomalies; impaction was seen in 191 cases (27.3%), agenesis in 59 cases (8.4%), and short root in 34 cases (4.9%). In terms of malocclusion, class I was the most common at 41.0% of cases, followed by class II div I at 30.7%, class II div II at 14.2%, and class III at 14.0%. There was no statistically significant correlation between gender and the occurrence of dental anomalies (p > 0.05). Patients with dental anomalies had the highest incidence of Class I, Class II, and Class III malocclusions. A significant correlation (p < 0.05) was found between the occurrence of dental anomalies and either the types of malocclusions or the various facial patterns. Gender was not significantly associated with dental anomalies or most malocclusion types, except for a borderline lower odds of Class II division 1 in males. The absence of dental anomalies was strongly associated with higher odds of Class II division 2 and borderline higher odds of Class II division 1 compared with Class III. No significant associations were found for facial pattern. Dental anomalies were found to be quite common. Dental anomalies were most common in class I, then in class II, then in class III. We found relationships between malocclusions, dental anomalies, and facial patterns. It is critical to use the data to develop appropriate orthodontic treatment and preventive measures for the relevant population.