Farmers' Awareness and Practices of Sorghum-Legume Intercropping in Semi-Arid Regions of Tanzania

Low sorghum yield among smallholder farmers undermines food security, income, and farming system sustainability in Tanzania. This study, conducted in Mbabala, Matumbulu, and Mpunguzi wards of Dodoma City, examined farmers’ perceptions, awareness, and practices of sorghum–legume intercropping. The objectives were to assess knowledge of intercropping, preferred legumes, and perceived effects on soil fertility and sorghum yield. A mixed-methods cross-sectional design was used, combining structured questionnaires with Focus Group Discussions and key informant interviews. In total, 243 respondents were surveyed. Data were analysed with SPSS and Past 4.03 using descriptive statistics (frequencies, means, medians, mode, skewness, kurtosis, percentages) and Cochran’s Q test. Findings showed that 84.4% of farmers were aware of sorghum–legume intercropping. Cowpea and groundnut were the most preferred legumes, valued for yield potential (63%) and market demand (20.6%). Cochran’s Q test indicated significant differences in preference (p < 0.001). In practice, 92.6% emphasised improved seed access as critical, yet 80.2% relied on saved seed, with 71.6% satisfied. Satisfaction scores averaged 3.8 (median = 4, skewness = –0.6, kurtosis = 2.1) on a five-point scale, reflecting positive perceptions. Fertiliser use was reported by 72.8% of respondents, while 41.6% applied manure. Sorghum–legume intercropping supports ecological intensification by improving biodiversity, enhancing nitrogen fixation, and lowering dependence on external inputs. Nonetheless, limited adoption of crop rotation and integrated soil fertility management constrains agroecosystem sustainability. The study highlights the importance of agroecology-based interventions in enhancing productivity and resilience among smallholder farmers