Isotopic Engineering—Potentials in “Nonproliferating” Nuclear Fuel

Nuclear energy plays a critical role in global decarbonisation, but its expansion raises concerns about the proliferation risks associated with conventional fuel cycles. This study addresses this challenge by evaluating Am-241 doping as a method to enhance the intrinsic proliferation resistance of nuclear fuel. Using full-core simulations across Pressurised Water Reactors (PWRs), Boiling Water Reactors (BWRs), and Molten Salt Reactors (MSRs), the research assesses the impact of Am-241 on isotopic composition, reactor performance, and safety. The results show that Am-241 reliably increases the Pu-238 fraction in spent fuel above the 6% threshold, which significantly complicates its use in nuclear weapons. Additionally, Am-241 serves as a burnable poison, reducing the need for conventional absorbers without compromising operational margins. Economic modelling indicates that the levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) increases modestly, with the most notable impact observed in MSRs due to continuous doping requirements. The project concludes that Am-241 doping offers a passive, fuel-intrinsic safeguard that complements existing verification regimes. Adoption of this approach may require adjustments to regulatory frameworks, particularly in fuel licencing and fabrication standards, but could ultimately support the secure expansion of nuclear energy in regions with heightened proliferation concerns.