CFD-Based Estimation of Ship Waves in Shallow Waters

This study examines the evolution characteristics of ship waves generated by large vessels in shallow waters. A CFD-based numerical wave tank, incorporating Torsvik’s ship wave theory, was developed using the VOF multiphase approach and the RNG k-ε turbulence model to capture free-surface evolution and turbulence effects. Results indicate that wave heights vary significantly near the critical depth-based Froude number (Fh). Comparative analyses between CFD results for a Wigley hull and proposed empirical correction formulas show strong agreement in predicting maximum wave heights in transcritical and supercritical regimes, accurately capturing the nonlinear surge of wave amplitude in the transcritical range. Simulations of 2000-ton and 6000-ton class vessels further reveal that wave heights increase with Fh, peak in the transcritical regime, and subsequently decay. Lateral wave attenuation was also observed with increasing transverse distance, highlighting the role of vessel dimensions and bulbous bow structures in modulating wave propagation. These findings provide theoretical and practical references for risk assessment and navigational safety in shallow waterways.