The impact of catalpol on osteogenic differentiation of the jaw bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on the basis of network pharmacology, molecular docking and experimental validation

Catalpol enhances alveolar bone defect regeneration by regulating multiple genes and pathways. Studies have shown that catalpol boosts the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation/mineralization of JBMMSCs and increases the expression of osteogenesis-related genes and proteins. The ideal concentration for ex vivo induction was identified as 1 μM in this investigation. These results establish a scientific foundation for the potential use of catalpol in osteogenesis therapy, although additional research is necessary to clarify its clinical effectiveness and mechanisms of action.