Fathers’ engagement in parenting programs: A systematic review study

Given the importance of parenting in child development, evidence highlights the effectiveness of parental guidance interventions in promoting healthy family interactions and reducing behavioral problems in children. Despite the benefits, a significant challenge remains in ensuring paternal involvement in these programs. Following PRISMA guidelines, the present study systematically reviewed 11 empirical studies that investigated paternal involvement and participation in parenting intervention programs, focusing on facilitators and barriers to adherence. The results indicated that fathers' participation in parenting programs was positively associated with educational level, household income, and children's emotional problems. The studies also emphasize flexibility in program implementation, father-focused interventions, and the importance of recognizing fathers' caregiving roles. Social support, cultural sensitivity, and personalized approaches are highlighted as key aspects to enhance participation. Barriers such as work conflicts, social stigmas, and gender norms remain significant, requiring culturally adapted solutions. These findings provide a comprehensive overview and discuss best practices to promote greater paternal engagement, as well as barriers that may hinder fathers' participation in parenting programs.