Enabling digital transformation in food manufacturing small and medium enterprises: key drivers, barriers and strategic frameworks

Purpose Digital transformation (DT) is widely acknowledged as a pivotal factor for business growth and competitiveness across various sectors. Nevertheless, its adoption among small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) remains a considerable challenge, often constrained by a lack of resources and technical expertise. This study seeks to address this gap by examining the key drivers, barriers, and enablers influencing DT adoption in SMEs within the food manufacturing (FM) sector, an industry characterised by stringent regulatory requirements and limited resources. Design/methodology/approach A systematic literature review was conducted, covering publications from 2000 to 2025. The review synthesised the findings using six theoretical frameworks: technology–organisation–environment, resource-based view, dynamic capabilities, institutional theory, sociotechnical systems theory, and diffusion of innovation. Findings The review identified that the adoption of DT in food manufacturing SMEs (FM-SMEs) is primarily driven by the need to enhance operational efficiency, ensure regulatory compliance, and meet consumer demands for transparency and sustainability. However, its adoption has been hindered by financial constraints, regulatory complexity, and limited digital expertise. Practical strategies to address these challenges include adopting modular technologies, enhancing workforce capabilities, and implementing supportive policy measures. Originality/value Unlike prior cross-sector reviews, this study provides a sector-specific roadmap for DT in FM-SMEs. It offers actionable recommendations for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers and identifies future research priorities, such as the development of tailored evaluation models and the promotion of multi-stakeholder collaboration.