Comparative analysis of external and internal loads in preparation male volleyball and beach volleyball matches

These findings emphasize the impact of environmental constraints, such as sand surfaces, on amplifying internal workloads. The results highlight the need for tailored training programs addressing the specific demands of each volleyball format. Additionally, this research provides benchmarks for designing targeted exercises, improving real-time monitoring, and enhancing sport-specific conditioning strategies. By exploring biomechanical and physiological distinctions between volleyball and beach volleyball, the study contributes to optimizing athlete performance and guiding sports training methodologies.