Delayed emergence of parkinson’s disease after reversible manganese-induced parkinsonism: a case report

This case illustrates a rare longitudinal transition from reversible Mn-induced parkinsonism to idiopathic PD, suggesting that prior Mn exposure may act as a precipitating or accelerating factor for PD pathogenesis. Functional neuroimaging is critical for differentiating between these two syndromes. This report underscores the importance of long-term neurological follow-up in patients with occupational Mn exposure and supports the hypothesis that environmental toxins can contribute to neurodegenerative processes.