Epidemiological trends and burden of mortality from HIV/AIDS and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis without extensive drug-resistance across Africa: A global burden of disease analysis (1990–2021)

The study highlights significant progress in reducing HIV/AIDS and MDR-TB mortality across Africa from 1990 to 2021, largely due to expanded access to antiretroviral therapy (ART), advanced diagnostics like GeneXpert, and global health initiatives such as PEPFAR and the Global Fund. However, persistent regional disparities, with Northern Africa showing rising mortality trends and Southern Africa bearing the highest burden, underscore the need for tailored interventions. Females experienced more pronounced mortality declines in certain periods, particularly in Southern Africa, likely due to targeted interventions like PMTCT, while males showed slightly less progress overall, potentially due to factors like occupational exposures or lower ART adherence. Limitations include reliance on modeled GBD data and lack of subnational granularity.