Review on aerodynamic noise research of high-speed trains

Aerodynamic noise has become the primary noise source for high-speed trains operating at speeds exceeding 250 km/h, significantly compromising passenger comfort and environmental friendliness. This paper systematically reviews recent advances in aerodynamic noise research, introducing principal methodologies including full-scale vehicle tests, wind tunnel tests, and numerical simulations, while comparing their applications and limitations. Key noise sources are identified and their generation mechanismssuch as flow separation, vortex shedding, and pressure fluctuationsare analyzed. Noise reduction measures for critical train regions are examined, including surface modifications (dimples, perforations), flow control devices (deflectors, spoilers), and advanced techniques like jet flow control. As next-generation trains target speeds above 400 km/h, substantial changes in aerodynamic noise characteristics present new research challenges. Future studies should prioritize hybrid active-passive flow control strategies to meet the low-noise design requirements of advanced high-speed trains.