Effect of heat pumps, batteries, EVS and PV on low-voltage feeders: results from a Monte Carlo study on 202,659 Flemish smart meter profiles

Electric vehicles (EVs), heat pumps (HPs), batteries and photovoltaic panels are being connected to the low-voltage grid (LVG) at a fast pace. The impact of these devices on the timing and size of LV feeder peaks is not well understood. A major hurdle has been the lack of smart meter data that contains a large amount of these devices. We recently investigated the impact on the timing and size of the feeder peak from 42,089 smart meter profiles of residential LVG customers in Flanders, Belgium. They were measured for a full year in 2022 by the distribution system operator Fluvius. In this paper, we present an updated and expanded analysis for smart meter profiles measured in 2023. The number of profiles has increased to 202,659. Batteries have been added as a category, and the number of profiles with both an EV and a HP is now large enough for statistical analysis. The size of the feeder peak is hardly influenced by batteries. A building with both an EV and a HP adds on average 2.3 kW to the feeder peak for a feeder with 10 connections, which is more than an EV (1.7 kW) or a HP (1.0 kW).