Optimization of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Logistics: An Integrated MILP Approach for Transport and Storage

Abstract Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) chains encompass CO₂ capture at sources, maritime shipping, terminal handling, and geological storage, demanding coordinated optimization of heterogeneous logistics. Inefficiency in any part of the chain can raise costs or decrease injection capacity. This paper describes a Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model that schedules maritime shipping, terminal inventory, and injection operations simultaneously. The model explicitly represents berth scheduling, vessel waypoint visits, transit and port durations, loading/discharge rates, storage capacity constraints, and injection throttling. Such interdependencies are explicitly modeled to realize synchronized transport and smooth injection. We demonstrate the use of the framework with a synthetic case study comprising three emitters, two vessels, two reservoirs, and three injection wells. The optimized plan achieved a total system cost of 245,856 USD while satisfying all capacity constraints and reducing low buffer throttling hours by 47.5% compared to sequential scheduling. This work underscores the merits of integrated planning for CCUS logistics, providing an adaptive tool for real-world implementation where transport and injection need to be co-optimized subject to operational constraints. Future extensions will tackle stochastic demand, multi-port routing, and dynamic injection constraints based on reservoir simulations.