Impact of Pregnancy Rhinitis on Olfactory Sensitivity: A Controlled Comparative Study

<b>Background/Objectives</b>: During pregnancy, the body undergoes numerous physiological changes, many of which are driven by significant hormonal shifts. Pregnancy rhinitis is a condition characterized by nasal congestion that occurs during pregnancy without any other signs of respiratory infection or known allergic causes. The aim of the study was to examine the impact of pregnancy rhinitis on the sense of smell. Specifically, it focused on determining how the nasal congestion associated with pregnancy rhinitis may alter olfactory perception in pregnant people. <b>Methods</b>: The study group comprised fifty women, aged 18 to 41, all in their third trimester of pregnancy. The control group was made up of 25 non-pregnant women between the ages of 25 and 31. Olfactory function was assessed using Sniffin' Sticks, and each participant completed the SNOT-22 questionnaire. Additionally, ENT examination, nasofiberoscopy, rhinomanometry were performed. <b>Results</b>: The comparison between the control and study groups in terms of detection, discrimination, and identification test scores revealed statistically significant differences. The study group demonstrated lower odor average test scores, indicating worse olfactory acuity and poorer identification abilities, with these effects being strong. In addition, the study group showed a lower discrimination test score compared to the study group, though this effect was weak. On the other hand, the control group showed a higher level of discrimination test score compared to the study group, though this effect was weak. However, the pregnant women did not perceive any subjective impairment in their sense of smell even though they had smell disturbances confirmed in the Sniffin Stick test. The SNOT-22 questionnaire results indicated that the study group reported subjectively worse nasal patency compared to the control group. <b>Conclusions</b>: This controlled study demonstrated that olfactory disturbances, confirmed by the Sniffin' Sticks test, affected half of the pregnant participants, with reduced smell sensitivity observed in advanced pregnancy compared to non-pregnant controls. Notably, more than half of the women with objectively confirmed olfactory deficits did not report subjective complaints, highlighting the need for greater clinical awareness of sensory changes during pregnancy. Pregnancy-related swelling of the nasal mucosa leads to impaired upper airway airflow, contributing to a reduction in olfactory sensitivity.