Examining the Influence of Online Education Program on Oral Willingness to Communicate: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach <b></b>

This study aims to investigate the influence of the Chinese Bridge Delegation Online Program (CBDOP) on Indonesian secondary school students' Mandarin oral willingness to communicate (OWTC) and examine the mediating role of learning motivation. The participants comprised 295 students from Indonesia, where they had participated in the CBDOP. The study employed a mixed-methods design, integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches. The data were collected through a survey and analyzed using SEM. The results indicated that CBDOP significantly influences students' OWTC, with online live courses being the most positively influential component for enhancing both OWTCI and OWTCO. Meanwhile, learning motivation played an important mediating role in the program's influence on OWTC, with intrinsic motivation having a greater influence than extrinsic motivation. Based on these findings, this study introduced the "EMOC Guideline," a structured framework for the design and learning of future online Mandarin programs. This guideline aims to enhance Mandarin OWTC and foster cross-cultural understanding, aligned with the broader objectives of international language education. This study provides valuable insights for educators and course designers and offers practical recommendations for developing more effective and engaging language learning programs.