Rolling into the genome: linking mutations to cellular structure through label-free holographic cytometry

Holo-tomographic flow cytometry for label-free phenotyping of suspended acute myeloid leukemia blasts is demonstrated. A concave segmentation algorithm is applied to 3D refractive index tomograms to quantify NPM1-mutation-associated cup-like nuclear morphologies, with virtual reality visualization offering engaging immersion. The method enables population-level detection of statistically significant shifts in 3D cell morphology, originally correlating phenotype with genotype.