Surgical Thyroid Disorders: Clinical and Epidemiological Insights

Background: Thyroid disorders represent some of the most common endocrine conditions worldwide, and considerable proportions require surgical intervention. Their burden remains particularly relevant in countries with a history of or ongoing iodine deficiency, where nodular thyroid disease continues to be widespread. Objective: This study aimed to describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients undergoing thyroid surgery at a tertiary referral center in Albania. Methods: A retrospective descriptive study was conducted, including 211 patients managed at the “Mother Teresa” University Hospital Center in Tirana. Data were analyzed regarding age, sex, residence, symptoms, family history, clinical presentation, preoperative diagnosis, and hospital stay. Results: Among 211 patients, 88.1% were female, with a mean age of 46.4 years. The most frequent diagnosis was nodular goiter. Neck swelling was the main complaint in over 60% of cases. Total thyroidectomy was performed in 86% of patients. Thirty percent had a family history of thyroid disease. Most patients lived in urban areas, mainly Tirana. Conclusions: Nodular thyroid disease remains highly prevalent with a marked female predominance. Neck swelling is the most frequent presenting symptom. Despite preventive strategies, iodine deficiency continues to play a role as a contributing factor. Early diagnosis, appropriate surgical management, and structured follow-up are essential to improve outcomes.