Climate-smart agricultural practices and food-nutrition security outcomes: insight from rural smallholder farmers

Climate change significantly impacts agriculture and food security, particularly for smallholder farmers in South Africa. This study examines the adoption of Climate-Smart Agricultural Practices (CSAP) and their effects on Food and Nutrition Security (FNS) outcomes. Using primary data collected from 320 rural farmers across Limpopo, Mpumalanga, and North-West provinces during the 2022/2023 crop season, the study employs an Endogenous Switching Regression (ESR) model to analyse the relationship between CSAP adoption and FNS indicators. Results show that farmers who adopt CSAP, including soil and water conservation, drought-tolerant varieties, minimum/zero tillage, mulching, and crop rotations, experience improved FNS outcomes. CSAP adoption significantly enhances Household Dietary Diversity Scores (HDDS) by 30% and reduces Household Food Insecurity Access Scores (HFIAS) by 35%. The significant factors influencing CSAP adoption include education, access to extension services, and drought perception. The findings underscore the need for targeted extension services, enhanced credit access, and climate adaptation programmes to promote the adoption of CSAP and strengthen rural farmers' resilience in South Africa. The study contributes valuable insights for policymakers by demonstrating the role of CSAP in achieving Sustainable Development Goal 2 (Zero Hunger), and promoting sustainable agriculture in South Africa.