Establishment and utilization of reference values for food use-by dates

This study examines the evolution and implementation of Korea’s food date labeling system, particularly focusing on the transition from expiration date labeling to the use-by date system. Initially introduced as a manufacturing date label in 1962 and later replaced by an expiration date system in 1985, the scheme underwent integration and liberalization but often caused discrepancies between labeled dates and actual edibility, leading to consumer confusion. To align with international standards, Korea fully adopted the use-by date system in 2023, with application to milk products scheduled for 2031. The establishment of use-by dates is typically conducted by manufacturers or importers through inhouse or outsourced testing, although literature-based data may substitute testing in some cases. To support this transition and mitigate burdens on small and medium-sized enterprises, the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety initiated a large-scale project (2022–2025) to develop reference values across 200 categories and 2,000 products. Reference values were derived through quality and safety indicators, storage condition experiments, and application of safety factors, and are publicly available via the Korea Food Industry Association and Food Safety Korea of MFDS. Findings indicate significant variation in use-by date extensions depending on product type: while ready-to-eat fresh foods increased by an average of 5%, some items extended by over 100%. As influencing factors such as raw materials, production environments, and storage conditions vary, the reference values serve as guidance rather than absolute standards. Overall, these policy reforms and the supporting research are expected to reduce consumer confusion, minimize food waste, and improve harmonization with international standards.