Implementing Outcome-Based Education in Higher Education: Challenges and Benefits

This literature review critically examines the implementation of Outcome-Based Education (OBE) in higher education, synthesizing empirical studies, review articles, instructional materials, and policy documents. It identifies key factors influencing successful OBE adoption, including enhanced student learning outcomes, improved curriculum alignment, strengthened accountability, and the promotion of lifelong learning competencies. However, persistent challenges hinder its full implementation, such as faculty resistance, limited professional development, inadequate resources, misalignment between policy and practice, and the demands placed on learners to adapt to self-directed learning approaches, particularly those from disadvantaged backgrounds. The review recommends that policymakers integrate OBE into national regulations, while universities ensure faculty development, provide adequate resources, and design competency-based curricula, accompanied by targeted support for disadvantaged learners.