Secondary Metabolites: Classification, Therapeutic Properties, and Potential Usage in the Food Industry

Plant secondary metabolites are compounds synthesized by plants as byproducts of cellular metabolism, which are not essential for normal growth and development. These compounds play integral roles in plant defense mechanisms against insects and microorganisms, as well as in attracting beneficial organisms, deterring pests, and offering therapeutic potential. Plant secondary metabolites include terpenoids, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, and organosulfur compounds. Their biosynthesis involves pathways utilizing acetyl CoA, shikimic acid, mevalonic acid, and 1-Deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate. Secondary metabolites are used in various applications for the medicine, flavoring, perfume formulation, pigment production, and the development of functional packaging materials used to extend the shelf life of foods. Research indicates that secondary metabolites show therapeutic potential against various diseases, such as inflammation, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia. The multifunctionality of secondary metabolites suggests that they may gain further recognition and utility across varied industries in the future. This review aims to bring together current information on the classification of plant secondary metabolites, their biosynthetic pathways, their potential applications in health and industrial fields.