Comparative analysis of oral health status and hygiene practices in pregnant and non-pregnant women

Aim: This study compares the oral health status and hygiene practices of 30 pregnant and 30 non-pregnant women in Sofia, Bulgaria, using the DMFT, FMPS, and PBI. Oral hygiene habits, including brushing frequency, toothbrush type, duration, and technique, were also assessed. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study (January–June 2025) included 30 pregnant women (second/third trimester, aged 18–40 years) and 30 non-pregnant women (aged 18–40 years) from a private dental clinic. Exclusion criteria included systemic diseases and high-risk pregnancies. DMFT, FMPS, and PBI were evaluated by a dentist using standardized tools. Oral hygiene habits were collected via a validated questionnaire. Results: Pregnant women had lower mean DMFT, but higher FMPS and PBI, compared to non-pregnant women. Brushing frequency was similar (90% twice daily). Pregnant women used manual toothbrushes more, brushed for shorter durations and used less circular brushing. Conclusion: Pregnant women exhibit better caries experience (lower DMFT) but poorer oral hygiene (higher FMPS) and higher gingival inflammation than non-pregnant women, despite similar brushing frequency. Targeted oral health education promoting electric toothbrushes and circular brushing techniques is needed to improve maternal oral health.