The Latest Pathological Mechanisms and Targeted Drugs Research of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

A common neurodevelopmental disorder called attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is known to have a complex pathogenesis which still remains incompletely understood. Traditional research has focused on neuroinflammation, abnormal energy metabolism, neurotransmitter system disorders, and genetic mechanisms. ADHD affects 5%-7% of children and adolescents worldwide, with approximately 60% of patients experiencing persistent symptoms into adulthood, often accompanied by conditions like anxiety. In recent years, research focusing on neuroinflammation and energy metabolism has expanded, which led to new mechanisms such as the Immune-Metabolic-Circuit ternary pathological model, along with emerging therapeutic approaches including highly selective molecular entities and digital therapies, such as the triple reuptake inhibitor Centanafadine and the digital therapy EndeavorRx. However, current research has limitations: specific molecular pathways of pathogenesis are not fully elucidated, long-term efficacy of some drugs requires further verification, and there is insufficient research on individualized treatment. Future efforts should focus on molecular mechanisms to develop precise targeted drugs and combine multiple therapies to provide personalized plans. This article reviews traditional pathogenesis, recent research progress, the latest drugs, and treatment methods.