A Comprehensive Review of PEM Electrolyzers and Fuel Cells in Hybrid Hydrogen Energy Systems

This paper presents a review of modeling approaches for proton exchange membrane (PEM) technology in electrolyzers and fuel cells within the framework of hybrid hydrogen energy systems. With an ever-increasing push towards low-carbon energy, PEM devices serve as key interfaces for green hydrogen production and utilization. At the level of the system, attempts to reduce cost, improve durability, and enhance performance are discussed, emphasizing catalyst, membrane, and gas diffusion layer engineering. Integration between PEM technologies and grid-intermittent renewable energy is also explored, highlighting advanced control techniques such as model predictive control, AI-based diagnostics, and real-time home energy management systems. Simulations and multiscale modeling interconnect and evaluate system behavior and scalability, providing supporting evidence. The paper's findings attempt to set the stage for future research and industrial realization of durable, efficient, and economically viable hydrogen energy systems.