Views from chief veterinary officers about decision making during animal health emergencies: A qualitative analysis

This study's objectives were to investigate how delegates of the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH), particularly chief veterinary officers (CVOs), make decisions requiring immediate action, having national/international impacts on animal health and welfare and/or human health, and how the process creates new policies and practices. We interviewed 33 CVOs from 6 continents, on their background, jurisdiction, institutional structures, and decision-making processes, including types of decisions made, who they consulted, information used (and wished they knew), political, public and other influences, and resultant policy changes. The CVOs also discussed surprising and challenging phenomena, and what they learned. Qualitative analysis was conducted on interview transcriptions. Most CVOs had similar decision-making processes. They followed established protocols and national legislation aligned with WOAH international standards, relying on multidisciplinary teams of experts in science, economics, policy, and law, and those with knowledge of local field conditions, for guidance. Insufficient information and conflict between scientific evidence and political/economic pressure were common themes. Although stressful, most CVOs were committed to their work and felt they made valuable contributions towards both animal and human health. The findings suggest that regardless of background or specific geographical context, CVOs follow established protocols and need to have the ability to make informed subjective judgements as part of their decision making. Thus, CVO qualifications include subject matter knowledge and specific leadership qualities, which need to be considered when making CVO appointments. Presently, veterinarians receive inadequate training on integrating evidence and other factors to make informed, 'good' decisions. This study's findings should be considered when developing the educational programs for veterinary students and established practitioners.