Recent progress in neuromorphic computing based on spin–orbit torque devices

Abstract Neuromorphic computing, inspired by the structure and functionality of the biological brain, aims to simulate brain processes through the design of innovative devices, algorithms, and architectures. Neuromorphic devices constitute the foundational hardware components essential for the realization of neuromorphic computing. In recent years, spintronic devices based on the spin–orbit torque (SOT) effect have emerged as the central focus due to their exceptional durability, rapid response times, and low energy consumption. By designing SOT devices with diverse structures and functionalities, researchers have successfully emulated the roles of synapses and neurons in the human brain, thereby enabling the execution of neuromorphic computing tasks. This paper presents a comprehensive review of recent advancements in the application of SOT spintronic devices for neuromorphic computing. We first introduce the underlying mechanisms and testing methods of SOT spintronic devices, then commence with an introduction to biological neural networks in the human brain, followed by an exposition of widely adopted algorithmic architectures and hardware requirements for neuromorphic computing based on SOT devices. After that, we discuss the practical applications of four primary types of SOT devices: Domain Wall (DW)-SOT, Skyrmion-SOT, Nucleation-SOT, and spin Hall nano-oscillators in neuromorphic computing. Finally, we address the current challenges in the field and proposes potential solutions for the future.