Epithelial‑mesenchymal plasticity and cisplatin resistance in germ cell tumors: Mechanisms and emerging therapeutic strategies (Review)

Germ cell tumors (GCTs) are rare, heterogeneous neoplasms derived from primordial germ cells. Although they typically develop in the gonads, they may also arise in extragonadal locations along the midline of the body. Approximately 90% of patients respond well to cisplatin‑based chemotherapy; however, ~30% exhibit treatment resistance. Epithelial‑mesenchymal plasticity (EMP), a recognized hallmark of cancer, has been implicated in promoting metastasis and chemoresistance. Nonetheless, studies investigating the specific role of EMP in GCT treatment resistance remain limited. The present review compiles key studies on GCTs, EMP markers and cisplatin resistance using both <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> models; it highlights the roles of associated genes, transcription factors and proteins, identifying potential therapeutic targets. Advancing our understanding of EMP and identifying novel therapeutic targets may support the development of treatment strategies that complement or replace cisplatin. This, in turn, could improve survival outcomes and create new avenues for molecular research and clinical applications.