Naringenin: A Potential Flavonoid Phytochemical For Diabetes Management

ABSTRACT: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia resulting from impaired insulin secretion, insulin resistance, or both, leading to severe complications affecting multiple organs. Current antidiabetic therapies, although effective, are often associated with limitations such as side effects, high cost, and incomplete efficacy, highlighting the need for safer and more effective alternatives. Naringenin, a naturally occurring flavonoid abundant in citrus fruits, has gained significant attention for its antidiabetic potential. Its pharmacological activities include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, insulin-sensitizing, and glucose-regulating effects, mediated through modulation of oxidative stress, inflammatory pathways, insulin signaling, and lipid metabolism. However, clinical application of naringenin is hindered by poor bioavailability, rapid metabolism, and lack of standardized formulations. Advances in delivery systems, such as nanoparticles, liposomes, and encapsulation, alongside synergistic use with conventional therapies, show promise in overcoming these limitations. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the chemical properties, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, safety, therapeutic potential, and research challenges of naringenin in diabetes management. In conclusion, naringenin represents a promising supplementary therapeutic strategy for diabetes management. With further research aimed at optimizing formulation strategies, elucidating mechanisms of action, and validating its efficacy in human clinical trials, naringenin could pave the way toward innovative and safer treatment approaches for achieving improved glycemic control and long-term metabolic health.