Assistive Technologies for the Visually Impaired: A Review

Assistive technologies for the visually impaired have evolved from simple hardware-based tools to advanced artificial intelligence-powered systems that enhance independence, safety, and quality of life. This review systematically analyzes 80 studies and commercial products published between 2000 and 2025, identified through IEEE Xplore, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The methodological framework ensures comprehensiveness and reproducibility by classifying technologies into visual imagery systems, non-visual data systems, map-based solutions, 3D sound systems, smartphone-based applications, and commercial products. Findings highlight the increasing role of deep learning, multimodal integration (encompassing vision, hearing, and touch), and wearable devices in enhancing navigation and accessibility. Policy implications emphasize the need for affordable, inclusive, and user-centered designs, particularly in low-resource settings. This study provides a foundation for future innovations in smart glasses, haptic devices, and artificial intelligence-powered navigation aids, bridging the gap between research and real-world deployment.