Smoking as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease in Females and Males: Observational and Mendelian Randomisation Analyses in the UK Biobank
This study shows that both smoking initiation and higher smoking intensity are observationally and causally related to a higher CVD risk in both females and males. Observed sex differences in the association between smoking and CVD were directionally similar to sex differences in the causal effects of smoking on CVD. In general, MR estimates were more uncertain, and the causal effects of smoking on CVD may be similar in females and males.
Authors
- Diederick E. Grobbee (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4472-4468)
- Peter Willeit (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1866-7159)
- Lena Tschiderer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7988-853X)
- Amand F. Schmidt (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1327-0424)
- Sanne A. E. Peters (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0346-5412)
- Ynte M. Ruigrok (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5396-2989)
- Sophie C. de Ruiter (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1871-1033)
- Patrick Rockenschaub (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6499-7933)
- Hester M. den Ruijter (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9762-014X)
Institutions
- Innsbruck Medical University (AT)
- The George Institute for Global Health (GB)
- Universität Innsbruck (AT)
- Utrecht University (NL)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- University Medical Center Utrecht (NL)
- British Heart Foundation (GB)
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers (NL)
- University College London (GB)
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Medical University of Vienna (AT)
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Global Heart
- Published
- 2025-10-13
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.5334/gh.1485
- Citations
- 2
- Primary Topic
- Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 3.63