Fiber-Reinforced Cementitious Composites: A Comprehensive Review of Synthetic, Natural, and Hybrid Systems for Advanced Construction Applications

The incorporation of various fiber types in mortar and concrete has emerged as a significant advancement in construction materials, addressing inherent limitations such as brittleness, low tensile strength, and crack susceptibility. This comprehensive review examines the state-of-the-art developments in fiber-reinforced cementitious composites, analyzing the performance characteristics of synthetic fibers (steel, polypropylene, carbon, glass, basalt), natural fibers (jute, hemp, coconut, sisal), and hybrid fiber systems. The review synthesizes findings from over 100 recent studies to evaluate the effects of fiber reinforcement on fresh properties, mechanical performance, durability characteristics, and specialized applications including self-healing concrete, ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC), and sustainable construction practices. Key findings indicate that optimal fiber dosages typically range from 0.1% to 2% by volume, with hybrid fiber systems demonstrating superior performance compared to single-fiber reinforcement. Steel fibers excel in enhancing flexural strength and toughness, while polypropylene fibers effectively control plastic shrinkage and improve long-term durability. Natural fibers offer sustainable alternatives with comparable mechanical improvements, though durability concerns in alkaline environments require treatment strategies. The review highlights emerging advancements, including applications of 3D printing, nano-enhanced fiber systems, and smart fiber technologies. Upcoming research will aim at creating bio-based fiber treatments, enhancing fiber-matrix interactions, and incorporating digital technologies for performance tracking. This detailed research assists researchers and professionals in choosing the best fiber-reinforcing techniques for different construction uses.