Associations between domestic water hardness and risk of experiencing 15 different cardiovascular events: a prospective cohort study of 324,136 United Kingdom Biobank participants
DWH was associated with cardiovascular health, including 9 CVD events. Specifically, higher concentrations of Mg and moderate levels of CaCO<sub>3</sub> and Ca were associated with lower CVD risk. Combined DWH was associated with increased chronic rheumatic heart disease risk.
Authors
- Wenpan Xian
- Hanwen Zhou (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7894-7948)
- Yan Wang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9326-0148)
- Yuqin Zhang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3167-9848)
- Sicheng Li (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1174-3670)
- Jiajin Chen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1253-3889)
Institutions
- Xiamen University (CN)
- Peking University (CN)
- First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University (CN)
- Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University (CN)
- Chongqing Public Health Medical Center (CN)
- Chongqing Medical University (CN)
Publication Details
- Journal
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Published
- 2025-10-13
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajcnut.2025.10.004
- Citations
- 2
- Primary Topic
- Sodium Intake and Health
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 2.24