Maize and lupine biomass as raw material for production of feed silage

Sustainable animal feed options must balance nutritional, environmental, and ethical considerations. Maize (Zea mays) and yellow lupine (Lupinus luteus) biomass offer promising substrates for producing silage, due to their high nutritional value and potential to support controlled fermentation. Maize is widely used in animal feed, due to its content of digestible carbohydrates and protein. Lupine is a viable alternative to soy, with advantages including high protein and low environmental impact due to its nitrogen-fixing abilities. This study investigated the possible use of selected lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains—L. buchneri 1, P. acidilactici 4, L. buchneri 2.1, and P. acidilactici 2.2—to optimize fermentation of maize and lupine biomass for improved silage quality. Controlled fermentations using these strains resulted in silages with favorable parameters: pH values ranging from 3.8 to 4.4, dry matter content between 35 and 45%, and total acidity in the range of 6.0 to 8.0%. The best results were achieved in a 1:1 maize–lupine mixture, which showed stable LAB counts and optimal fermentation conditions. The results showed the potential of microbial inoculation in improving silage quality. However, the conclusions are based on lab-scale studies and do not address practical factors such as scalability, cost-effectiveness, or long-term storage stability.