The therapeutic efficacy of nanoparticles in the treatment of alzheimer’s disease

The build-up of beta-amyloid plaques in the brain leads to Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative condition. AD affects more than 30 million individuals globally every year. No cure for AD has been discovered yet. The available therapeutic options are administered to slow down the progress of the disease. The currently available treatment plans are used to relieve symptoms and improve cognitive abilities, thus slowing progression. Nanotechnology is highly effective and has demonstrated significant benefits across various medical applications. Nanoparticles have been explored as promising drug delivery systems for the targeted delivery of anti-AD therapeutics and for the precise diagnosis of the condition. Nanoparticles, such as dendrimers, lipid-based nanoparticles, polymer-based nanoparticles, and metal-based nanoparticles, have been designed and reported to inhibit Aβ aggregation, fibril formation, and disaggregating mature fibrils, prevent neuroinflammation and Aβ1-42-induced cell damage, treat oxidative stress and lower hallmark of Aβ, and display excellent capability to bypass blood-brain barrier (BBB). This review is focused on the preclinical therapeutic outcomes of nanoparticles and the challenges encountered in the treatment of AD. This review highlights the significant advancements of nanoparticles that are currently undergoing clinical trials for management of AD.