Evaluation of the Genetic Resource Value of Datong Yak: A Cultivated Breed on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

Livestock and poultry genetic resources form the cornerstone of elite population breeding, new breed development, and global food security. The yak (Bos mutus), endemic to the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, is indispensable for maintaining regional biodiversity and ecological stability. The Datong yak—China’s first nationally recognized cultivated yak breed and the world’s inaugural domesticated yak variety—plays a pivotal role in enhancing yak production performance, mitigating grassland–livestock conflicts, and restoring degraded grasslands. This study aimed to provide a scientific basis for the conservation and sustainable utilization of yak genetic resources by comprehensively evaluating the genetic resource value of Datong yaks. We employed the market price method, opportunity cost method, and shadow engineering method to assess four value dimensions—aligned with the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) livestock genetic resource value framework and adapted to China’s yak production context: direct use value (DUV), indirect use value (IUV), potential use value (PUV), and conservation value (CV). Data were collected through expert consultations, semi-structured interviews, and questionnaire surveys in Datong County (Qinghai Province, the core production area of Datong yaks) between August and September 2024, with the widely distributed Qinghai Plateau yak serving as the control breed. Based on a recent market survey, the total genetic resource value of Datong yaks in China was estimated at CNY 2.505 billion in 2024, highlighting the increasing economic and strategic significance of yak genetic resources. Among the four value dimensions, PUV accounted for the largest share (65.67%), driven by superior production performance, market price premiums, and reduced feeding costs. DUV contributed 20.72%, reflecting the value of biological assets and beef products; IUV represented 7.10%, primarily associated with grassland conservation benefits; and CV constituted 6.51%, encompassing costs for genetic resource preservation and cultural heritage contributions. These results underscore the substantial potential of Datong yak genetic resources, particularly given their unique adaptation to high-altitude environments and their critical role in supporting local livelihoods and ecological stability. Future research should focus on expanding breeding programs and genetic conservation, optimizing industrial and value chains, and strengthening genetic improvement initiatives to promote ecological security and sustainable development of the yak industry on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau.