Indoor Air Pollutants of PM2.5, Carbon Monoxide, Nicotine, and Carcinogens in Waterpipe Bars

This study provides the first evidence of air quality in waterpipe establishments in Asia, demonstrating extremely poor air quality that pose significant health risks to both patrons and staff. These results can serve as evidence for the strict enforcement of tobacco control policies, such as total waterpipe bans. It is also crucial to assess compliance with occupational safety regulations in WBs and to ensure employees exposed to high levels of harmful substances such as PM2.5, CO, nicotine, and carcinogens are offered education and health screenings and education. These measures are vital to ensuring the safety and health of workers.