Historical and Contemporary Analysis of Climate Change and PM10 Air Pollution in Plovdiv

This study examines the interplay between climate change and fine particulate matter (PM₁₀) pollution in Plovdiv, the second-largest urban and industrial centre in Bulgaria. Long-term climate data spanning 1976–2024, together with contemporary air quality records from the Kamenitsa and Trakia automatic monitoring stations for the period 2015–2024, were analysed. The results indicate a marked increase in annual mean temperature of approximately 1.5–2°C over the past five decades, accompanied by greater variability in precipitation, manifested through alternating droughts and short but intense rainfall events. PM₁₀ pollution persists as a major environmental challenge, with peak concentrations occurring during the winter months, primarily due to domestic solid-fuel heating and frequent temperature inversions. Exceedances of the EU and WHO daily limit value of 50 μg/m³ are widespread. A strong correlation was observed between meteorological conditions and PM₁₀ dynamics: calm conditions and inversions facilitate particle accumulation, whereas precipitation and stronger winds exert a cleansing effect. The study underscores the need for improved monitoring, restrictions on solid-fuel heating, and the adoption of sustainable urban policies to reduce environmental and public health risks.