Prognostic factors for the recurrence, progression, and multiple recurrences of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer in Eastern Taiwan

This study identified multiple tumors, high-grade tumors, and BCG therapy as the significant factors associated with NMIBC recurrence, with a potential link also observed for betel nut chewing. Age, tumor grade, and early recurrence emerged as the key predictors of progression to MIBC. In addition, multiple tumors and early recurrence were linked to an increased risk of experiencing multiple recurrences.