CANINE DIABETES MELLITUS: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF PATHOGENESIS, DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

Canine diabetes mellitus is a common endocrine disorder in dogs, closely resembling type 1 diabetes in humans, and is marked by chronic hyperglycemia from pancreatic β-cell destruction or dysfunction, causing insulin deficiency. Contributing factors include genetic predisposition, hormonal imbalances, pancreatitis, and certain drugs. It occurs most often in older, female, and breed-susceptible dogs. Typical signs include polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, and bilateral cataracts, with diagnosis based on persistent fasting hyperglycemia and glucosuria. Management requires lifelong insulin therapy, dietary control, and monitoring through tools such as blood glucose curves and Fructosamine testing. Complications like diabetic ketoacidosis, cataracts, and urinary tract infections are frequent and need timely intervention. Advances in continuous glucose monitoring, immunotherapy, and molecular diagnostics have improved outcomes. With proper therapy and owner compliance, affected dogs can maintain a good quality of life. Research is focusing on early detection, genetic screening, and innovative treatments like stem cell therapy and pancreatic islet regeneration, ensuring continued progress in controlling this complex disease.