Search for high energy 5.5 MeV solar axions with the complete Borexino dataset

Abstract A search for solar axions and axion-like particles produced in the $$p+d\rightarrow ^3\textrm{He}+A~(5.5 ~\textrm{MeV})$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:msup> <mml:mo>→</mml:mo> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:mtext>He</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>5.5</mml:mn> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mtext>MeV</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> reaction was performed using the complete dataset of the Borexino detector (3995 days of measurement live-time). The following interaction processes have been considered: axion decay into two photons $$(\textrm{A}\rightarrow 2\gamma )$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mtext>A</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>→</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mi>γ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , inverse Primakoff conversion on nuclei $$(\textrm{A}+Z\rightarrow \gamma +Z$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mtext>A</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>Z</mml:mi> <mml:mo>→</mml:mo> <mml:mi>γ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>Z</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ), the Compton conversion of axions to photons $$(\textrm{A}+e\rightarrow e+\gamma )$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mtext>A</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>e</mml:mi> <mml:mo>→</mml:mo> <mml:mi>e</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>γ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and the axio-electric effect $$(\textrm{A}+e+Z\rightarrow e+Z$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mtext>A</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>e</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>Z</mml:mi> <mml:mo>→</mml:mo> <mml:mi>e</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>Z</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ). Model-independent limits on product of axion–photon ( $$g_{A\gamma }$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>g</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:mi>γ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math> ), axion–electron ( $$g_{Ae}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>g</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>Ae</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math> ), and isovector axion–nucleon ( $$g_{3AN}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>g</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math> ) couplings are obtained: $$|g_{A\gamma }\times g_{3AN}| \le 2.3\times 10^{-11} \textrm{GeV}^{-1}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>|</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>g</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:mi>γ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>g</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>|</mml:mo> <mml:mo>≤</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2.3</mml:mn> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>11</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>GeV</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and $$|g_{Ae}\times g_{3AN}| \le 1.9\times 10^{-13}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">

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The European Physical Journal C
Published
2025-10-21
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14811-9
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Dark Matter and Cosmic Phenomena
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article

Search for high energy 5.5 MeV solar axions with the complete Borexino dataset

L. Ludhova, A. Singhal, O. Smirnov, F von Feilitzsch et al.
The European Physical Journal C
Dark Matter and Cosmic Phenomena
article

Search for high energy 5.5 MeV solar axions with the complete Borexino dataset

L. Ludhova, A. Singhal, O. Smirnov, F von Feilitzsch, F. P. Calaprice, R. Nugmanov, Aldo Ianni, S. Kumaran, V. Kobychev, G. Bellini, M. T. Ranalli, A. Derbin, A. Re, Emanuela Meroni, N. Rossi, G. Testera, G. Zuzel, L. Miramonti, A. Di Giacinto, Kamil Zuber, V. Di Marcello, L. Di Noto, L. Pietrofaccia, D. Basilico, G. Ranucci, G. Raikov, A. Sotnikov, I. Drachnev, Luca Pelicci, A. Pocar, A. Razeto, C. Galbiati, V. Muratova, M. Misiaszek, D. Güffanti, Xuefeng Ding, Ö. Penek, Giulio Settanta, Danila d’Angelo, F. Ortica, J. Benziger, R. Biondi, M. Wurm, Marta Wójcik, D. Franco, Matthias Laubenstein, I. Lomskaya, E. Unzhakov, Andrea Ianni, S Schönert, R Tartaglia, M. Gromov, C Ghiano, D. Semenov, I. Machulin, A Caminata, A. Vishneva, G Korga, A. Goretti, B. Caccianiga, P Lombardi, R. B. Vogelaar, S. Zavatarelli, A. Di Lüdovico, J. Martýn, A. Chepurnov, N. Pilipenko, M. Pallavicini, A. Jany, E. Litvinovich, M. Skorokhvatov, M. Giammarchi, L Oberauer, V. Orekhov
article en

Abstract

Abstract A search for solar axions and axion-like particles produced in the $$p+d\rightarrow ^3\textrm{He}+A~(5.5 ~\textrm{MeV})$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:msup> <mml:mo>→</mml:mo> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:mtext>He</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>5.5</mml:mn> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mtext>MeV</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> reaction was performed using the complete dataset of the Borexino detector (3995 days of measurement live-time). The following interaction processes have been considered: axion decay into two photons $$(\textrm{A}\rightarrow 2\gamma )$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mtext>A</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>→</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mi>γ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , inverse Primakoff conversion on nuclei $$(\textrm{A}+Z\rightarrow \gamma +Z$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mtext>A</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>Z</mml:mi> <mml:mo>→</mml:mo> <mml:mi>γ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>Z</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ), the Compton conversion of axions to photons $$(\textrm{A}+e\rightarrow e+\gamma )$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mtext>A</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>e</mml:mi> <mml:mo>→</mml:mo> <mml:mi>e</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>γ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and the axio-electric effect $$(\textrm{A}+e+Z\rightarrow e+Z$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mtext>A</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>e</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>Z</mml:mi> <mml:mo>→</mml:mo> <mml:mi>e</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>Z</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ). Model-independent limits on product of axion–photon ( $$g_{A\gamma }$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>g</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:mi>γ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math> ), axion–electron ( $$g_{Ae}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>g</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>Ae</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math> ), and isovector axion–nucleon ( $$g_{3AN}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>g</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math> ) couplings are obtained: $$|g_{A\gamma }\times g_{3AN}| \le 2.3\times 10^{-11} \textrm{GeV}^{-1}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>|</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>g</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:mi>γ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>g</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>|</mml:mo> <mml:mo>≤</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2.3</mml:mn> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>11</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>GeV</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and $$|g_{Ae}\times g_{3AN}| \le 1.9\times 10^{-13}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">

The European Physical Journal CVol. 85(10)
Jagiellonian University (PL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR), GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research (DE), Forschungszentrum Jülich (DE), Royal Holloway University of London (GB), Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (DE), HUN-REN Institute for Nuclear Research (HU), Lomonosov Moscow State University (RU), Princeton University (US), University of Massachusetts Amherst (US), Kurchatov Institute (RU), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (IT), Laboratoire AstroParticule et Cosmologie (FR), University of California System (US), Institute for High Energy Physics (RU), Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (RU), Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria (IT), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Lecce (IT), Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (IT), University of Arts (AL), Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute (RU), Institute of High Energy Physics (CN), Institute for Nuclear Research (UA), Moscow State University (TJ), Gran Sasso Science Institute (IT), Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics (DE), The NSF AI Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Fundamental Interactions (US), Technical University of Munich (DE), University of Milano-Bicocca (IT), Technische Universität Dresden (DE), Virginia Tech (US), National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (RU), RWTH Aachen University (DE)
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