Pattern of Presentations and Management of Esophageal Cancer in Tumor Therapy and Cancer Research Center 2024

<i>Background:</i> Esophageal cancer is a global health concern, ranking as the seventh leading cause of cancer-related deaths. In Sudan, the rising incidence, particularly of adenocarcinoma, presents a significant challenge. Limited treatment resources affect patient outcomes, despite surgical management for localized disease and systemic therapy for metastatic cases. Early detection is crucial for improving prognosis. This study investigates the presentation patterns and management strategies for esophageal cancer within a Sudanese context. <i>Methodology:</i> A retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted at the Tumor Therapy and Cancer Research Center in Sudan, analyzing 120 esophageal cancer patient records from 2016 to 2023. Data encompassed demographics, clinical presentations, diagnostic findings, treatment modalities, and patient outcomes. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS. Ethical approvals were obtained prior to data collection. <i>Results:</i> Among the 120 patients, 105 had squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and 15 had adenocarcinoma (AC). The majority of patients were between 51–60 years (25.8%) and over 70 years (22.5%). More than half (61.7%) were female, and most resided in rural areas (77.5%). <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> infection (17.5%) was the most common risk factor, followed by smoking (10.8%). Other reported risk factors included gastroesophageal reflux disease, alcohol use, and a family history of esophageal cancer. Dysphagia was the most common presenting symptom, with most patients diagnosed at an advanced stage. <i>Conclusion:</i> SCC predominantly affected older females, while AC was more common in younger males. Dysphagia was the main presenting symptom. Low utilization of neoadjuvant therapy and higher mortality rates in AC patients (60% vs. 30.5% in SCC) highlight the need for improved screening, early diagnosis, optimized treatment protocols.