Advances in Bioreactor Technologies for Sustainable Aquaculture Water Treatment

Advances in bioreactor technologies are transforming sustainable aquaculture water treatment by improving pollutant removal and supporting environmental conservation and resource recovery. Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) represent a leading sustainable approach by integrating physical, chemical, and biological treatment processes to recycle water within the system, minimizing freshwater consumption and effluent discharge. Innovative biological systems integrated with Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) including Moving Bed Biofilm Reactors, membrane bioreactors, anaerobic digesters, photobioreactors, and biofloc efficiently reduce nitrogen, phosphorus, organic matter, and other pollutants using diverse microbial communities without harmful chemicals. Recent developments feature microalgae cultivation for carbon capture and nutrient recycling, nanotechnology to boost microbial performance, and hybrid treatment methods for enhanced effectiveness. While Moving Bed Biofilm Reactors offer high ammonia and organic removal in compact setups, anaerobic bioreactors provide cost-effective nitrate reduction, and constructed wetlands effectively remove organics and phosphorus with more space needs. These bioreactors technology enhance aquaculture sustainability by reducing pollutant loads, mitigating eutrophication risks, and improving fish health through optimized water quality. Despite operational and cost challenges, these technologies promote water reuse, lower pollutant discharge, and enable circular economy practices like bioenergy production. Future research focuses on tailored, integrated treatments, engineered microbes, and resource-loop closing frameworks to bolster sustainability, regulatory compliance, and economic viability in intensive aquaculture. The aim of this review article is to examine recent innovations and developments in bioreactor technologies applied to aquaculture wastewater treatment.