The Practice of Public Diplomacy: The Missions of Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson in France (1776–1789)

This article examines practice of public diplomacy by the first US representatives in Europe during the American War for Independence and post-war years. The research focuses on Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson’s efforts to inform European society about developments in the New World, counteract English propaganda and disinformation, and debunk myths and negative perception regarding the United States. The study aims to differentiate the concepts of “public diplomacy” and “propaganda” in the context of early history of the USA. The author concludes that Benjamin Franklin employed a variety of methods to influence European society. He initiated the publication of key official documents of the United States, including the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, various state constitutions. Franklin immersed himself in French high society visiting salons, dinners, where he could make important acquaintances and informally advocate for the interests of the young republic. As a member of renowned intellectual community “Republic of Letters”, Franklin leveraged his popularity and reputation in scientific circles to promote interests of the United States. In a series of letters to his colleagues he explained the reasons that compelled Americans to revolt, described the situation on the battlefield. At the same time in his efforts to expose English policy toward the North American colonies, “the founding-father” resorted to propaganda and disinformation. The analysis further reveals the contributions of Thomas Jefferson, who succeeded Franklin as the United States envoy to France following the conclusion of the War of Independence. Deeply concerned about myths and negative perceptions of the USA circulating in Europe due to G. L. Leclerc, Comte de Buffon theory of degeneration, he organized an information campaign, promoted cultural exchange, and fostered cooperation with scientific circles on both sides of the Atlantic. The article is addressed to those interested in early American history, public diplomacy concept, and its application during the formative years of the United States.