Space Security Norms and Dual-Use Technology Challenges: Analysis of Alternative Approaches

With the increased military significance of space-based capabilities, the line between military and civilian space assets is becoming increasingly blurred. As the international community deliberates on the legal framework for safe operations in space, this ‘dual-use’ dilemma presents unique challenges. It is critical to ensure the responsible and sustainable use of outer space through a coordinated approach to the conduct of space operations. As congestion in space grows, there is pressure for states to secure their military (including dual-use) space assets from both deliberate and unintentional threats. However, government strategies relating to space security and space safety may have opposing underlying approaches. This article will consider how dual-use space assets pose a challenge for the balancing of national security objectives against the need for global cooperation to create a space rules framework. In balancing these objectives, it is also necessary for states to consider the concerns of private satellite operators, whose commercial activities are increasingly affected by evolving security postures. It will also explore whether the development of norms for behaviour in space operations, space traffic management (STM) and critical infrastructure protection could be utilized as a critical tool for enhancing space security. By examining how principles for satellite operations, collision avoidance and restrictive zones can reduce the risk of accidents and intentional interference, this article highlights the role of space safety norms in preventing conflicts and promoting stability in outer space.