Development of the United States GReenhouse Gas and Air Pollutants Emissions System (GRA <sup>2</sup> PES)

Abstract In the U.S., emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants are often developed independently. Here, we describe the GR eenhouse gas A nd A ir P ollutants E missions S ystem (GRA 2 PES), which provides gridded emissions of fossil‐fuel carbon dioxide (ffCO 2 ) and 93 air quality (AQ) species for 17 combustion and non‐combustion sectors at 4 km × 4 km spatial resolution across the contiguous US. We find that the AQ emissions most spatially correlated with ffCO 2 are nitrogen oxides (NO x , ρ = 0.67), followed by sulfur dioxide (SO 2 , ρ = 0.51), carbon monoxide (CO, ρ = 0.44), and fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 , ρ = 0.38). We evaluate GRA 2 PES ffCO 2 emissions with an ensemble of publicly available regional and global inventories at national (Normalized Mean Bias (NMB) = +1.4%), state (NMB = +1.5%, R 2 = 0.98), and urban (NMB = +11.5%, R 2 = 0.97) scales. Nationally, the differences of publicly available inventories from the ensemble average range from −10.0% to +5.7%, and consistency diverges at state and urban scales. We simulate GRA 2 PES ffCO 2 in a particle dispersion model and compare to measurements of radiocarbon ( 14 C)‐derived ffCO 2 collected in Los Angeles (August 2021), with results suggesting that GRA 2 PES ffCO 2 may be low by 19% for this city, but well within model‐observation differences for other publicly available inventories (−43% to +94%). GRA 2 PES AQ/ffCO 2 ratios converted to concentration space generally agree with field observations (NMB = +4%, log R 2 = 0.90). Lastly, we present a method by which to utilize GRA 2 PES to derive AQ emission fluxes from ffCO 2 emissions.

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Publication Details

Journal
Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
Published
2025-10-11
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1029/2025jd043597
Citations
1
Primary Topic
Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics
Type
article
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1.11
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article

Development of the United States GReenhouse Gas and Air Pollutants Emissions System (GRA 2 PES)

C. Warneke, Steven J. Smith, John Bharat Miller, Chelsea E. Stockwell et al.
1 citations
Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics
1.11
article

Development of the United States GReenhouse Gas and Air Pollutants Emissions System (GRA 2 PES)

C. Warneke, Steven J. Smith, John Bharat Miller, Chelsea E. Stockwell, Jessica B. Gilman, C. Gately, Rachel Hoesly, Matthew Mitchell Coggon, Kristen Zuraski, Congmeng Lyu, Brian McDonald, Jeff Peischl, Jack Prothero, Scott J. Lehman, K. L. Mueller, J. R. Whetstone, Aaron Lamplugh, Bert Verreyken, Lucy R. Hutyra, Claire Granier, Steven S. S Brown, K. R. Gurney, Lech Gawuć, P. Dass, Colin Harkins, Tomohiro Oda, Meng Li
article en
1 citations

Abstract

Abstract In the U.S., emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants are often developed independently. Here, we describe the GR eenhouse gas A nd A ir P ollutants E missions S ystem (GRA 2 PES), which provides gridded emissions of fossil‐fuel carbon dioxide (ffCO 2 ) and 93 air quality (AQ) species for 17 combustion and non‐combustion sectors at 4 km × 4 km spatial resolution across the contiguous US. We find that the AQ emissions most spatially correlated with ffCO 2 are nitrogen oxides (NO x , ρ = 0.67), followed by sulfur dioxide (SO 2 , ρ = 0.51), carbon monoxide (CO, ρ = 0.44), and fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 , ρ = 0.38). We evaluate GRA 2 PES ffCO 2 emissions with an ensemble of publicly available regional and global inventories at national (Normalized Mean Bias (NMB) = +1.4%), state (NMB = +1.5%, R 2 = 0.98), and urban (NMB = +11.5%, R 2 = 0.97) scales. Nationally, the differences of publicly available inventories from the ensemble average range from −10.0% to +5.7%, and consistency diverges at state and urban scales. We simulate GRA 2 PES ffCO 2 in a particle dispersion model and compare to measurements of radiocarbon ( 14 C)‐derived ffCO 2 collected in Los Angeles (August 2021), with results suggesting that GRA 2 PES ffCO 2 may be low by 19% for this city, but well within model‐observation differences for other publicly available inventories (−43% to +94%). GRA 2 PES AQ/ffCO 2 ratios converted to concentration space generally agree with field observations (NMB = +4%, log R 2 = 0.90). Lastly, we present a method by which to utilize GRA 2 PES to derive AQ emission fluxes from ffCO 2 emissions.

Journal of Geophysical Research AtmospheresVol. 130(20)
Boston University (US), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR), Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments (US), National Institute of Standards and Technology (US), Universities Space Research Association (US), Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (US), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (FR), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (US), Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (US), Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées (FR), Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (US), University of Colorado Boulder (US), Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BE), Northern Arizona University (US), Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (BE), Laboratoire d'Aérologie (FR), NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (US), University of Maryland, College Park (US)
Openalex Percentile: Top 19%
Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics
1.11
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